Category: Psychology

Tragedy is Funny?

By Anupum Pant

Mark Twain said, “Humour is tragedy plus time.” Although I don’t consider most of them to be funny, people still make jokes about the holocaust, 9/11, world war and other such big tragedies, and they get a lot of attention. You could call them dark jokes. Ultimately, they do seem funny to more people, than not.

But, today that Harrison Ford has got hurt in a plane crash, it’s not the right time to make a pun out of it already.
So if some stand up comedian says “He shouldn’t fly at this age…solo.” Well, he’d be in for a big boo from the audience. As people say, it would be too soon to make a joke about it. So, what makes a tragedy old enough to start making puns out of it that’d get positive attention?

Science has probably has an explanation for this oxymoronic behaviour of people. [Here]

But estimate for the right time to strike such a dark joke comes from a study done by Researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder and Texas A&M University in 2012.

When the hurricane Sandy came along on October 29 causing mass destruction. During and after the tragedy, separate surveys were taken from groups of participants which asked them to answer how funny they found a tweet which looked like this.

@HurricaneSandy – JUS BLEW DA ROOF OFF A OLIVE GARDEN FREE BREADSTICKS 4 EVERYONE

It was found that the tweet grew funnier as days passed and seemed funniest at just after the 36th day. And it turns out, there was also a late point when the joke became not that funny again. That was 99 days later.

So, comedians, use science and know when to pun.

Jimmy Kimmel Pranks Using the Halo Effect

By Anupum Pant

It’s easier and more comfortable to think to yourself that the decisions you make are well thought and perfectly reasoned. I’ve talked about it in the past too.

If you’re told that something you chose was due to the halo effect and it wasn’t a perfectly reasonable choice, you wouldn’t believe me. But life is not fair. And if it may come to you as a relief, the whole ad industry revolves around making consumers like something in the commercial (which is often unrelated to the product they sell) and if you end up liking that unrelated thing, there’s a great chance, it will make you think that they have the best product. They’re playing with your psychology.

Here’s ART talking about how the same orange juice packed in different containers made people have completely different opinions about it.

This reminds me of Jimmy Kimmel serving crushed skittles, packed in sophisticated containers, to random people on the street. Look how he’s able to easily fool them.

The Backfire Effect

By Anupum Pant

Someone said, “It’s easier to fool people than to convince them that they have been fooled.”

Or look at it this way. Deep down you know you are wrong about something, but don’t want to admit it right away because it will make you look bad. In time, this belief becomes deeper and before you know, you actually start believing in it.

You could do two things if you know you are wrong. You could either admit you are wrong right away. That’ll hurt your reputation a tiny bit. Or you could just keep believing in it to save that little dent in your reputation right now, till the point where you are so invested in it, in terms of time, that you don’t ever choose to admit that you were wrong in the first place. Which of course will destroy the years of effort you put into this. But you’ll never do the former because you won’t think through the consequences that will show years later, rather you’ll care more about your reputation right now, and will stick to your belief, even if you know you are not so right.

This is commonly referred to as the Backfire effect – The backfire effect occurs when, in the face of contradictory evidence, established beliefs do not change but actually get stronger. It has been proven and been test, over and over again through out the history of this planet.

TV shows, people and movies, for instance make use of this technique to gain popularity. They’ll introduce abusive or controversial content and gain more popularity when it’s being protested through primary outlets that have a massive audience. In a most simple case, a kid’s parent telling them not to do something leads the kid to get attached more towards doing it, even when he/she has been informed by their parents that it is not a good thing to do.

The kid at first doesn’t know it is wrong and do it because it doesn’t seem wrong. His/her parents inform them, and now they have a contradictory argument. Intuitively, the contradictory argument should make the kid stop doing it. But that does not happen. That’s how our brains work. And that’s one way you can trick someone into getting convinced about something by introducing contradictory arguments. This is almost as counter-intuitive as the Benjamin Franklin effect and can be used for similar psychological games.

If you’re feeling especially mischievous, you can use the backfire effect to trap someone into a bad position and pound them repeatedly to get what you want. Martin Luther king actually did this to Jim clark to raise awareness for American civil rights.

What should be evident from the studies on the backfire effect is you can never win an argument online. When you start to pull out facts and figures, hyperlinks and quotes, you are actually making the opponent feel as though they are even more sure of their position than before you started the debate. As they match your fervor, the same thing happens in your skull. The backfire effect pushes both of you deeper into your original beliefs. – You are not so smart (book)

This video has a few interesting examples to understand better how it works.

Nice Guys

By Anupum Pant

Last year, an article published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin showed how men usually get attracted to women who seem nice. However,that doesn’t seem to be the case with women. So, nice guys seem to finish last.

But it’s not about attraction all the time. ASAP science explains how nice guys certainly finish first…

Winning and Losing

By Anupum Pant

Think about it. A stranger comes up to you while you are queued up for the morning coffee and says this to you – “I’ll toss a coin, you call. If you win, I pay you 10 bucks. If you lose, you pay me 10.”

Would you take the bet? Most wouldn’t. There’s a lot going on here. Firstly, the strange man might have a trick up his sleeve that would tilt the odds in his favour, you’d think. But here’s the deal, even if you are 100% sure that the man is being honest with you and offering you a completely fair coin toss, most still wouldn’t take the bet. Why not? After all it seems like a totally fair deal.

In a social experiment, it has been seen that even if the man offers you a 20 to your 10, most still would not take the bet. Yes, they do have a chance to lose 10, but they might even take home double hat amount. There’s an equal chance, but the gain is clearly in your favour. Mathematically you are getting a great deal. Why wouldn’t people still take it?

That is probably because humans see losing differently as winning. That means, losing 10 would affect you more that gaining ten would. Losing 10 would make you more sad than the amount of happiness you’d experience when you’d ten would make 10. So much that even losing 10 moves you more (downwards) than gaining ten would move you (upwards). So, most people won’t take this bet because throughout the years they’ve been learning (subconsciously) how losing is more painful.

In my view, it has something to do with your attachment to what you own too – materialistic attachment as they’d say. This of course was about money, but as Derek Muller states in the following video, this simple way of how we look at winning and losing affect us is much deeper manner. Or simply, money is just a metaphor here. This comes into play when you make other life decisions also. You’d avoid risks where the difference between the magnitude of gain or loss from the result isn’t much.

10 such bets being offered consecutively is a much favourable choice mathematically, and people mostly would take it, if they had that sort of money in their pockets. When asked to explain why, they base it on intuition. Our minds sure work in a very complex manner.

Bouba and Kiki

By Anupum Pant

500px-Booba-Kiki.svgLook at the picture above and take a moment to think which one of them is a bouba and which one is kiki. It’s very likely we selected the same shapes for both bouba and kiki, so did 95 to 98% of the people who came here to see this. Scientists call this the bouba/kiki effect – a non-arbitrary mapping between speech sounds and the visual shape of objects.

Even if the sounds bouba and kiki mean nothing at all, people from all over the world, or from countries speaking varied languages, select the same shapes more than 95% of the time. Irrespective of the languages they spoke, the human brain somehow attached abstract meanings to the shapes and sounds in a consistent way. Children as young as 2.5 years start doing this.

This is how Wikipedia explains it:

The rounded shape may most commonly be named “bouba” because the mouth makes a more rounded shape to produce that sound while a more taut, angular mouth shape is needed to make the sound “kiki”. The sounds of a K are harder and more forceful than those of a B, as well.

Just like for bouba and kiki, there is a strong preference to pair the jagged shape with “takete” and the rounded shape with “baluba”.

The IKEA Effect

By Anupum Pant

Believe it or not, the liking you have for something is not objectively based on just what the thing is. A great part of it comes from the amount of effort you put in it. The more effort you put in, the more you like something.

To test this out, scientists gave a group of people one sheet each, with instructions on it, teaching them how to fold an origami crane. The people followed instructions well, and did the best they could. Of course, since these people hardly had any experience with origami, their paper cranes didn’t come out too well.

The researchers then showed these cranes to a few independent evaluators and asked them how much they would pay for one of these poorly made origami crane. Evaluator obviously weren’t very interested in buying them and gave the origami cranes a low rating. However, the people who had made these cranes, on an average, rated their work much higher than what the evaluators had rated it. Also, the makers said they’d have paid nice money to buy that poorly made crane, which according to the makers was sufficiently good. [Link to the study]

Ikea is a company that sells furniture parts which buyers themselves have to assemble. Trust me, the assembly is not very easy (of course). Moreover, the instructions they supply with any piece of furniture says nothing in words. There are only illustrations of funny cartoon men putting the furniture together. You sure are able to put together the piece of furniture most times, but there are people I know who after having assembled a bed for hours get frustrated.

But then, in the end comes a strange kind of satisfaction, or a cognitive bias if you’d say, which makes the buyers value their furniture disproportionately more than what they’d have valued the same furniture assembled by someone else (or even a professional maybe).

This is called the IKEA effect.

[Read more]

Faking Sleep Affects Performance

By Anupum Pant

A couple of days back I talked about how standing for a few seconds in a superman position could increase your level of confidence and could help you ace interviews. Today it’s time again to look at a technique to increase performance by fooling your body.

First of all, you need to stop thinking you didn’t sleep well today. That is because the mere act of thinking you slept well makes you perform well. It’s been proven.

In a group where everyone got equal sleep, half of the people were just told by “experts” that they had 29% REM sleep (which is better) and the other half were told that they had only 16% REM sleep (that actually decreases performance). The catch was, they all had slept for equal times and everyone would have had more or less equal percentages of REM cycles. Only, they were told wrong things by “experts”.

This word of mouth coming from the “experts” actually affected the performance of these two groups. The group that was told they had a greater percentage of REM sleep performed well. And the group that was told they did sleep as well as the first group didn’t perform as good. I’m assuming both the groups were first informed about how the percentage of REM sleep affects performance.

So, stop cribbing about how tired and sleepy you  are.

A 2-Minute Exercise to Do Better in Interviews

By Anupum Pant

Is there a job interview or a public speaking gig coming up for you? Well, you don’t have to worry as much as you are doing right now because Amy Cuddy is here to save you.

Amy Cuddy, a social psychologist at Harvard Business School, talks about a power pose – a 2-minute pose – you could strike before going into an interview which has been proven to have a significant difference in your performance at anything that requires confidence (like an interview).

She introduces this concept in the a very convincing TED talk that I’ve attached below. If you do not need much convincing, you could skip watching the talk and just do this before you go into an interview or go to the stage for something.

  • Find a quiet place where no one will see you and make fun of you.
  • Strike a superhero pose. If you don’t know what that means, stand like this. For 2 minutes. Done! Otherwise, here is a nice infographic based on Cuddy’s research. [Link]
  • If you don’t, at least do not stoop and close your shoulders while waiting in the lobby because it certainly affects you negatively.

Apparently, according to an experiment by Amy Cuddy and Dana Carney of Berkeley, 86% of those who posed in the high-power position (the superhero pose) opted to gamble, while only 60% of the low-power posers (closed poses) felt comfortable taking a roll of the dice.

Moreover, a significant difference was found in the saliva samples of both the high-power pose people and the low-power pose people. Who’d have thought that a simple 2 minute pose could make chemical differences in your body!

On an average, the high-pose people saliva showed an 8% increase in the testosterone level, while the ones who did the low-power pose had a 10% decrease of the same. That is phenomenal, if you ask me.

Also, the hormone related to stress, Cortisol decreased by 25% among high-power posers and increased 15% among low power posers. (A decrease in cortisol levels is better for activities like interviews)

Superstitious Pigeons

By Anupum Pant

B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist, a behaviorist, and a social philosopher. He was also the inventor of the operant conditioning chamber – A.K.A the Skinner box, is a box which is used to study animal behaviour. For example, you can use it to train an animal to perform certain actions in response to some input, like light or sound.

Using one of his favourite animals, he designed an experiment where he trained a pigeon in order to examine the formation of superstitious beliefs in animals. Here’s what he did.

He placed a couple of pigeons in his setup which was designed to deliver food to them after certain intervals. Of all the things, the timing of food delivery by this apparatus wasn’t related to one thing for sure – behaviour or actions of the bird.

And yet, after some time in this automated setup, the pigeons developed certain associations which made them belief that the food came when they did something. They had developed superstitious beliefs.

For instance:

One bird was conditioned to turn counter-clockwise about the cage, making two or three turns between reinforcements. Another repeatedly thrust its head into one of the upper corners of the cage. A third developed a ‘tossing’ response, as if placing its head beneath an invisible bar and lifting it repeatedly. Two birds developed a pendulum motion of the head and body, in which the head was extended forward and swung from right to left with a sharp movement followed by a somewhat slower return. – Wikipedia

The bird behaviour isn’t much different from what humans do…

The pigeons started believing in a causal relationship between its behaviour and delivery of food, even when there was nothing like that.

It’s almost like the humans blowing on the dice, or throwing it harder to make a favourable number appear. Even when blowing or throwing a dice harder doesn’t hold any causal relationship with the event of good numbers turning up.

During other times, when people bowl down a bowling ball and twist  their bodies towards right to make the ball go right, they have in fact unknowingly developed a superstitious belief, just like the pigeons that there’s a causal relationship between turning their bodies and curving of the bowling ball. In reality, there’s nothing like that. The ball goes where it has to, irrespective of how they turn their bodies.

Just like in the superstitious pigeon’s case, the food would have appeared anyway. The pigeon didn’t have to do something to get it.

via [Wikipedia]

Sundays Are The Worst – Sunday Neurosis

By Anupum Pant

Are Mondays really that bad?

It’s fair to assume that readers read through my website when they find “free time”. And assuming it is their free time, I can also assume that they are usually happy during those times. So, is it safe to assume that Sundays are days when I can expect most people to read these articles? Is Sunday the best?

Logically, the most amount of free and happy time a working person could have, should be on Sundays. However, AweSci experiences the least amount of traffic on Sundays (and Saturdays).

People think that Mondays are sad because on Mondays they need to go and toil at the workplace after a nice long break. According to most surveys, Mondays and Tuesdays are the most “blue days” of the week. And still, traffic on this website gushes during these weekdays. So, how do people find enough free time to go through a website that publishes long texts filled with trivia, on tedious Mondays? Is Monday really the worst day of the week? Deriving happiness from visitor metrics, it certainly isn’t a bad day for me. What do you think?

Sunday Neurosis

Sundays are actually worse. In a huge survey that included 34,000  people, well-educated people reported that they had lower life satisfaction values on weekends. On the other hand, people who were less qualified reported that there wasn’t a much difference in their life satisfaction level when compared with a weekday.

There may be a hundred ways to explain why Sundays are bad for the well-educated masses, but I prefer to explain it with a term coined decades ago by an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist, Viktor Frankl. The term was “Sunday Neurosis“. According to him:

Sunday Neurosis refers to a form of anxiety resulting from an awareness in some people of the emptiness of their lives once the working week is over.

According to him, Sundays are the days when educated people find enough time to introspect about how empty and meaningless their lives are. Such complex thought patterns aren’t commonly seen among the less educated masses.

As a result, on Sundays, these people tend to get involved in short-term compensatory behaviours like avoiding mentally taxing activities, bingeing on food and drink, overworking, and overspending etc. Which of course could land them into big trouble in the long-term – like depression.

You, the people who come here to read science are most definitely well qualified people. So, please don’t trouble yourself on Sundays. On Sundays well-educated working individuals should remind themselves that being anxious about things is going to take them nowhere. Worrying is for Mondays.

So the next time whoever tells you, Mondays are the worst, ask them to read this. And tell them, they think Mondays are the worst because they probably aren’t very well-educated.

[Read more]

Do Not Paint Your Walls Pink

By Anupum Pant

Like I’ve told you once, there is no pink. Still, we do see the colour pink and there’s no denying that. Don’t call me a sexist for saying this, but it’s true that the colour pink is associated with femininity. Otherwise the colour is also known to generate feelings of caring, tenderness, and love. If everything we know about pink is somewhat positive, then why isn’t it a good idea to paint your walls pink?

Let me start with a little story.

Hayden Fry and the Pink room

Hayden Fry was an American football player and later he went on to become a coach. In the late 70s he started coaching the University of Iowa football team. Now, the particular thing to note about Fry was that in the year 1951 he had graduated from Baylor with a degree in psychology.

Since he had graduated in psychology, Fry probably knew some good ways that he could use to mess with the opposing team’s brain. And then he decided to paint the walls of the visitor’s locker room at Iowa’s Kinnick Stadium, with the colour pink. The walls, floors, toilets, ceiling and everything else in the locker room was painted pink. As a result, the home team started doing significantly well at football games (later the practice of painting locker rooms pink was outlawed).

Some say, he used pink to paint the visitor’s locker room because he knew that the colour pink had a calming effect on people. But I think he was relying on something deeper. He was probably trying to cash on the results of a study that was done by Prof. Alexander Schauss in the year 1979.

The Effect of Pink Colour

Prof. Alexander Schauss started a study with a couple of volunteers. He divided the group into two equal halves. All of their strengths were measured by asking them to use their arms against a counter-force and by asking them to squeeze a device called a dynamometer.

After this, for a minute, the first half had to stare at a dark blue colour and the other half stared at pink. Their strengths were recorded again.

A remarkable decrease in physical strength was recorded among the people who were given the colour pink to stare at. The participants were not aware of the effect it had on them.

Probably it were those pink walls and pink floors at the visitor’s locker that made the opposing team physically weaker and helped Iowa win.

Conclusion

Colours certainly are one of those subtle forces which change the way we think, feel, and behave. Pink has been proven to make you weaker physically. So, unless you wish to be weaker, you wouldn’t want to paint your walls pink! How about blue? It is a simple choice.

Now I think even writing an article about pink and having your brain think about the colour makes you weaker. Seriously, I feel like I need rest after writing this. Phew!

Hit like if you learnt something.

Cambridge University Says Spelling Does Not Matter?

By Anupum Pant

Background

Oh tell me you have never received this old chain mail that had the following paragraph attached in it, and warned you that if you did not forward it to 20 friends, something bad would happen. The passage  –

Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde uinervtisy, it deosn’t mttaer waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteres are at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a tatol mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae we do not raed ervey lteter by it slef but the wrod as a wlohe.

The paragraph contains a bunch of letters that are jumbled and you are still able to read it at a normal pace. The passage speaks for itself and says that according to a research study done at Cambridge university, it doesn’t matter in what order the letters in a word are; only the first and last letters need to be in the right place. According to it, everything in the middle can be messed up and you can still easily read it even when it clearly shouldn’t be making any sense.

Questions, Questions!

Certainly blows your mind. But if you start questioning the legitimacy of what the passage claims, you start finding a couple of unanswered questions…

1. It says, “a researcher at Cambridge”. I’d like to throw an open challenge to you – Find me the publication where “the researcher from Cambridge University” published this paragraph (or something similar).

Cambridge does have a Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit where researchers try to figure how brain processes language. But it is clear from this blog-post that people at Cambridge didn’t even know about the  meme that had been circulating all over the internet. At the time when this meme started circulating, in Cambridge, no one was doing research in this area. The prof says:

To my knowledge, there’s no-one in Cambridge UK who is currently doing research on this topic. There may be people in Cambridge, MA, USA who are responsible for this research, but I don’t know of them.

However, in 1999, the effect was originally demonstrated in a letter – [here]

Let’s give it up for the internet trolls, the phenomenon is indeed, intriguing. The researcher tries to figure out the science behind it in the same blog-post. He finds that the effect is same with many other languages. However, it doesn’t seem to work with languages like Finnish and Hebrew.

2. Try reading this:

Bblaaesl pryleas pnmrrioefg srillaimy aeoulltsby dvrseee clbrpmaaoe tteenmrat.

If you need hints, it follows the same rule. The sentence has all the words with first and last letters in place. The letters in the middle are jumbled. According to “the researcher from Cambridge” you should be able to read it easily. Why can’t you? It follows the exactly same rules. Have I made my point?

Why does it work?

Believe it or not, the paragraph actually works. I could read it without any hiccups. At the same time, the one above, which follows the same rules is pretty difficult to read. So what makes the chain mail paragraph so readable? In simple words…

1. There are 69 words in the paragraph. Out of those 69 words, only 37 are jumbled. All the other 32 words are two or three lettered words, which can’t follow the rule. That clears up the structure of sentences.

2. Out of the 37 jumbled words. 12, if I counted correctly, are four letter words that can only have the middle letters swapped. Those are breeze to figure out. That leaves us with just 25 jumbled letters. Given your life-long experience with reading, you can easily predict those if you know most of the other words.

3. Most of these 5 or more lettered words (in 25) are at such places that they don’t even require reading. For instance, your brain can easily figure that “because” will come after “this is”. So it knows, “bcuseae” is actually “because”.  Also, all of these 25 “big” words are easy and familiar ones.

4. The words have not been jumbled a lot.  There are mostly letter swaps, like – porbelm. “Porbelm” has just 2 pair of letters swapped. All those words that have this are pretty easy to figure too. What if it was “pbelorm”? It gets tougher when the central letter is moved from its place. Isn’t it?

But the mission of the makers of the meme passage was to blow your minds in a way that you’d be forced to forward it to your friends. So, they put in easy jumbles.

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The Astonishingly Funny Story of Mr. McArthur Wheeler

By Anupum Pant

In a wonderful paper titled “Unskilled and Unaware of it“, two social psychologists from Cornell University, Justin Kruger and David Dunning share an incredibly funny story of Mr. McArthur Wheeler. Although it is funny, the story actually beautifully demonstrates an excellent concept – a kind of cognitive bias (discussed later in the post). Here is the story:

The Story of Mr. McArthur Wheeler

On one fine morning in Pittsburgh (PA), in the year 1995, a man aged 44, known by the name McArthur Wheeler decided to rob a bank. Since he thought he knew a lot about a peculiar chemical property of lemon juice, he decided to smear the juice on his face before executing his plan to rob the bank.
His logic – As lemon juice can be used to write invisible letters that become visible only when the letter is held close to a heat source, he thought, the same thing would work on his face too. By smearing lemon juice all over his face, he thought that his face would become invisible to the security cameras at the bank. He did not just think that, he was pretty confident about this. He even checked his “trick” by taking a selfie with a polaroid camera. I’m not sure if the film was defective, or the camera wasn’t operated properly, but the camera did give him a blank image. The blank image made him absolutely sure that this trick would work. Or he would not have ever dared to rob a bank with lemon juice on his face.

That day, he went on and robbed not one, but two saving banks in Pittsburgh. A few hours after he had done his job, the police got their hands on the surveillance tape and decided to play it on the 11 O’Clock news. An hour later, an informant identified McArthur in the news video and contacted the police with the man’s name. McArthur got arrested on the same day. Ironically, the same surveillance cameras that he was confident would not be able to capture his face, got him behind the bars. During his interaction with the police, he was incredulous on how his ignorance had failed him.

The Dunning and Kruger effect

Both the psychologists Dunning and Kruger got story of Mr. McArthur. They decided to study it more deeply. The psychologists were interested to study about the utter confidence of Wheeler that made him believe he’d be able to foil the security cameras with lemon juice on his face. He had the confidence, but he clearly wasn’t competent enough…Why was he so sure he’d succeed?

Their study finally demonstrated that the less competent an individual is at a specific task, the more likely they are to inflate their self-appraised competence in relationship to that task. This phenomenon is today known as the Dunning–Kruger effect.

As Charles Darwin rightly said:

Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge.

Dunning Kruger effect McArthur Wheeler
At zero experience in the x axis it’s not “no nothing”. It’s *Know nothing (There’s a spelling mistake in the image) – ‘On Finch’ mentioned this in comments below.

Indian Idol contestants and the Dunning Kruger Effect

This effect is clearly observed during the auditions of reality shows like Indian idol (etc). The auditions are usually thronged by a variety of good and bad singers. The ones who are bad at it, never realize their incompetence and yet are genuinely disappointed when they get rejected. Often times, they resort to noisy quarrels too.

If you’ve observed carefully, people who aren’t very good at humour or sarcasm often tell poor jokes and expect people around them to laugh hard. But when people don’t laugh, they seem genuinely shocked. It is incredible to see them totally unaware of how bad they are at it.

At every place, it is a common tendency of the least skilled people to have an inflated sense of self-competency.

Ignorance sure is a dangerous thing.

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